Why Some People Are Taking Life-Threatening Doses Of Antidiarrheal Drugs

    Loperamide, which is a drug found in over-the-counter antidiarrheal medications, can produce an opioid effect in high doses.

    A man who died in the Pittsburgh area last year did so from poisoning with loperamide, the active ingredient in antidiarrheal medication, according to the medical examiner's office.

    Arjun Patel, 29, died last November, but the cause of death was released this week, according to KDKA.

    A #Pittsburgh area man has died from taking anti-diarrhea medicine to get high. Experts say the abuse of Imodium-AD type products that contain loperamide is up 167%. https://t.co/Df33qIp8Vo https://t.co/vIuhsNQJQ6

    Loperamide is found in over-the-counter antidiarrheal medications like Imodium. Structurally, it's similar to methadone, an opioid commonly used to treat addiction to other drugs such as heroin.

    In recommended doses, loperamide is safe. But when taken in large quantities, it can produce a high. Recreationally, it's known as "loping."

    "Normally when you take it in the amounts that are recommended on the box or by a physician, you don’t really get much in the way of toxic effects at all," Michael Lynch, medical director of Pittsburgh Poison Center, told BuzzFeed News.

    According to the US Food and Drug Administration, the approved daily dose of loperamide for adults is 8 milligrams per day for over-the-counter use and 16 milligrams per day for prescription use. In order to get a high, you'd have to take in the "dozens or hundreds of pills kind of range, which wouldn’t happen accidentally," said Lynch.

    Often, said Lynch, people take loperamide in such high amounts to try to treat their withdrawal symptoms from other opioids. Loperamide acts on the opioid receptors in the gut to slow down digestion and reduce the number of bowel movements.

    The danger is that high doses of loperamide can affect the electrical currents generated in the heart, which can cause fatal heart arrhythmias. In 2017, researchers reported that a 38-year-old woman had a cardiac arrest after using high doses of loperamide to treat the symptoms of heroin withdrawal.

    "The patients that we have seen where there has been near fatality or very sick people, it’s that heart rhythm problem where they’ve had several episodes of cardiac arrest," said Lynch. "That’s almost certainly the reason that it can be fatal in most cases."

    While he said he's seen people talking about recreational loperamide use online for "eight or nine years," he's personally gone from treating zero patients for overdoses to a handful a year.

    There's been "about a 167% increase in calls to just our poison center" about loperamide, he said

    Given the trend, the FDA responded by announcing in January that they are working with manufacturers to limit the number of doses per package of antidiarrhea medication.

    "We continue to receive reports of serious heart problems and deaths with much higher than the recommended doses of loperamide, primarily among people who are intentionally misusing or abusing the product, despite the addition of a warning to the medicine label and a previous communication," the federal agency said. "Loperamide is a safe drug when used as directed."